Immigrant Employee Impact on Native Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigrant Employee Impact on Native - Essay Example However, everyone who is in the labor force is going to be affected by any change to the work environment. Therefore, immigrant workers should be treated as equal member of the labor force, and we should acknowledge immigrant workers in the work environment. The rise and fall of the economy causes a lot of finger pointing between native workers accusing immigrant workers. Even though natives blame immigrants for losing their jobs and salary, they still help the economy. According to Marron the total gain from immigration is 0.28% of the GDP or approximately $37 billion per year (Marron et al 3). Furthermore, the immigrants’ affect could go both ways, either good or bad, so it depends on the way we take the situation. We could watch and not do anything or we could help the labor force in activities such as job searches and work support. According to the editor, Viqi Wagner, in the introduction to her book Labor Unions for the second chapter, in 2000 the population of immigrants in the United States was estimated to be seven million. Since the immigrant population has been rising by a half-million each year, if we calculate the number for 2010, it would be estimated 12 million immigrants (59). Taking into consideration the populati on of United States alone, which is 309 million, according to the United States pop clock website (US & World Population Clock). And also Donald Marron, one the White House website shows that in 2006 15% of the labor force in United States was foreign-born workers, and now this constitutes half of the growth in the labor force (Marron 1). So all of kinds of people are immigrating to the United States, and we cannot ask them to go home so easily. Equal treatment in the labor force should be established between workers no matter what their race and where they are from. Just by watching TV news, we know some of the immigrant force gets

The Effects of Parental Abuse of Alcohol on Children of Alcoholics Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Parental Abuse of Alcohol on Children of Alcoholics Essay An estimated 6. 6 million children under the age of 18 are living with an alcohol dependent parent. These children are often subjected to a disheveled life style which affects them mentally, emotionally and physically. Researchers have examined the many ways in which this disease impacts children’s lives and if the life style or genetics of the addicted parent leads to a greater risk of dependency as the Child of the alcohol grows older. Addiction negatively affects everyone around it, especially children. The Effects of Parental Abuse of Alcohol on Children of Alcoholics Researchers have long studied the different effects parental use and abuse of alcohol has on children. They have used many methods of study and asked many different questions. Questions of a predisposition to alcoholism through a genetic link have been posed as well as the possibility of it being hereditary. The emotional effects parental alcoholism has on a child have been examined, reexamined and examined again. Researchers have wondered if the child(ren) of an alcohol dependent parent is in any way physically different then the child(ren) of a non-dependent parent. They have posed the thought that children of alcoholics (COAs) are at a greater risk for dependency to substances later in life. Researchers have suggested that inappropriate behavior is a direct result of their parent’s alcoholism, and that COAs experience a different childhood then non-COAs. Sociological researchers have asked if the child loses its identity as â€Å"the child† and takes on a different role in the family, or if the adjustments made by the family to this addiction hinder the growth of the child as a social being. Psychological researchers have examined the possible stunts in the psychological and developmental growth that a child may encounter when placed in the position of COA. A medical researcher may look for a gene that is prevalent in the alcoholic but missing in the non-alcoholic to try an answer if the COA will have that gene and if there is a cure. They may try and find a medical reason for the tendency for alcoholism in some and not in others. There are literally hundreds of studies, looking at hundreds of different things associated with alcoholism. Though researchers may not all look at the same question, they all want to know the same thing; Does parental alcoholism effect the child, and if so, how? Psychological Effects on the Child A COA can feel like they are all alone in a huge world, but the reality is, there are more COAs then we may think. According to Russell, Henderson and Blume (1984), roughly 6. 6 million children 18 years of age and younger live with at least one alcoholic parent. With such a drastically high number, it is of large concern that the child of an alcoholic will suffer some form of psychological trauma due to the parent’s abuse of alcohol. Multiple studies have been done to examine how a child will fare in the home of an alcoholic. Of these studies research has found that COAs run a higher risk, then non-COAs, for emotional, cognitive and behavioral problems. In a study titled â€Å"Children of Alcoholics: Vulnerable or Resilient? † the researchers found that children of alcoholics (COA) are at a higher risk for depression, suicide, eating disorders, chemical dependency and teen pregnancy then non-COAs (Mylant, Ide, Cuevas, Meehan, 2002). Further studies that have been done that compared non-COAs with COAs and found that higher levels of anxiety, general stress and depression are reported among the COA’s then the non-COAs (Schuckit Chiles,1978; Moos Billings, 1982; Anderson Quast, 1983; Preweet, Spence Chakins, 1981). A similar study was also done by Rolf, Johnson, Israel, Baldwin and Chandra (1988); they found that COAs conveyed feelings of loss or lack of control over their environment. Their study showed that COAs, when compared to non-COAs, gave more extreme self-reports of depression. It is not uncommon to find that COAs feel guilt, anger, hatred, fear, embarrassment and loss of control due to their parent’s alcohol abuse. Along with the emotional problems COAs exhibit, they are often involved in behavioral problems including, but not limited to, lying, stealing, fighting, and misbehavior at chool (West Prinz,1987). The school misbehavior can be so severe that COAs are often reported by their teachers as having conduct disorders, being overactive and impulsive (Knoop, Teasdale, Schulsinger, Goodwin, 1985; Schuckit Chiles, 1978; Bell Cohen; 1981, Fine, Yudin, Holmes, Heinemann, 1976; River, 1982; Steinhausen, Gobel Nestler, 1984; Merikangas, Weissman, Prusoff, Pauls, Leckman, 1985; Stweard, DeBlois, Singer, 1979) While their behavior may seem out of control to most people, it tends to be a result of the child’s lack of discipline and a cry for attention or help. While the research is still limited, studies have found that the emotional turmoil COAs report, in most cases, will lessen or cease to exist when the alcoholic parent stops drinking, however it will return if the pattern of alcohol abuse begins again. Moos and Billings (1982) studied the emotional problems of children in relapsed alcoholic families, children in families with a recovering parent and children in families with no alcoholic parent. They found that the children in a relapse home reported higher levels of depression and anxiety then those in recovery homes and homes without an alcohol problem. However children of relapse alcoholics have an equal emotional function level as children of a recovering alcoholic and children with no alcoholic parent. While the study finds that the emotional turmoil will lesson or cease, it is true that a lot of work must be done by the whole family to repair the damage done by alcohol. This work may include the use of a family or individual trained professional. This study does not include the children who escape alcoholic homes, either by age or other means, before the alcoholism has been resolved. Often times, those who leave before a resolve has been met will need to seek the help of a professional to find an end to their emotional struggle. Biological and Genetic Factors It has been said often, and by many people, alcoholism runs in the family. This statement has been proven to be a true fact. Multiple studies have been done on this one topic, all finding evidence of a genetic vulnerability to alcoholism when alcoholism is prevalent in the family (Kaij, 1960; Cloninger, Bohman, Sigvardsson,1981; Schulsinger, Hermansen, Guze Winokur, 1973). In other words a COA has a higher chance of becoming an alcoholic then a non-COA due to a genetic weakness they contain. This genetic vulnerability has been shown to be particularly high males when compared to females. One study found that early onset of alcoholism was more prevalent in males of an alcoholic father (fourfold more) then males of a non alcoholic father (Goodwin, 1985). While most people believe that middle school and high school age children are generally the largest risk group when it comes to addiction, it is, in-fact, another group that has topped the charts. COAs are now being listed as the largest and highest group of children at risk for addiction to alcohol and/or drugs; this is due to the genetic factor and the family environment in which they were raised (Kempfer, 1999). While Kempfer’s study lists environment as a contributing factor in the addiction of COAs, this may be a fraction of the overall reason. In a study done by Schuckit, Goodwin and Winokur (1972) the researchers found that COAs, even when separated from the depended parent and adopted by nondependent parents, continued to have a higher risk of abuse then biological children of nondependent parents. The increased risk is reported to be 2-9 fold greater than the average child of a nondependent parent. Nevertheless, environment cannot be ruled out entirely, two separate studies found that there was a strong connection between substance use/abuse by parents and substance use/abuse by their children. They both found that if a parent takes a substance it is almost inevitable that the child will eventually do the same. Some of the participants in the study reported that seeing their parents do the substance gave them the feeling that it was ok for them to also do the substance (Fawzy, Coombs, Gerber, 1983; Skiffington Brown 1981). Granted not all children follow this mold, but the studies found that as a general statement this will happen. Emotional effects on the child One of the most compiling reasons for research on this subject by a sociological researcher is the idea that family interactions and rituals become defined by the substance use and abuse of a family member. A great many studies have been done to determine just how much the family adjusts and readjusts to the alcoholic member and how these adjustments affect each member of the family. Families who are affected by alcoholism report much higher levels of conflict, stress and isolation then families naffected by this disease. Moos and Billings (1982) found that drinking is the primary factor of family disruption. They stated that a COAs family environment is often characterized by a lack of proper parenting, a lack of family communication, and poor home management. They also found that these deficiencies created a void of proper parental modeling on later needed parental skills. Moos and Billings study found that the void of a proper parental modeling will attribute to the COAs relationship problems later in life. They may encounter relationship troubles with their partners or their children. All families experience some problems; however families affected by alcoholism tend to experience a greater number of issues. These issues may all exist at the same time or may have been experienced at different times. The following is an example of some of the issues that may be experienced: increased family conflict, decreased family cohesion(unity), emotional and/or physical violence, family disorganization, family isolation, individual isolation, illness (mental and/or physical), and increased stress and work problems, financial issues and frequent family moves (Guebaly Offord, 1997). The moving of the family may be attributed to the stigma the alcoholic member has brought on the family through abuse or embarrassment or for financial reasons pertaining to loss of a job or income. Interestingly while alcohol dependent parents lack the skills and ability to provide proper structure and discipline for their children, they tend to demand their children be competent in a vast variety of skills and tasks at a much earlier age then children of non-dependent parents do (Kumpfur DeMarsh, 1986). This added pressure and extreme expectations tends to led to low self-esteem in the COA when the tasks cannot be completed. It may also cause anger and resentment towards the alcoholic parent. As the child grows older it becomes an area of great conflict between the COA and the addicted parent and could lead to the child leaving the home. One study found that 79% of child runaways and homeless adolescents report alcohol use in their childhood home, and 53% report a drinking problem in their childhood home (Booth, Zhang, 1996). Physical effects on the child Alcohol has been cited as an inciter to increased chances of child abuse. One study found that, when comparing parents with a history of alcohol abuse and parents without a history of alcohol abuse, the parents with a history of alcohol abuse had a higher potential for child abuse then the parents without an alcohol abuse problem. (Ammerman, Kolko, Kirisci, Blackson, Dawes,1999) The results of this study are backed by a separate study done at Columbia University. Researchers found that, as reported by child welfare professionals, three of every four child welfare professionals finds substance abuse to be the leading cause in child abuse since 1986. About 75. 7% of those same child welfare professionals finds that children of substance dependent parents are more likely to enter the foster care system and COAs stay in the system for a longer period of time then the other children do (Reid, Macchetto Foster; 1999). Often times it seems that one child will bear the brunt of the abuse more than his or her siblings. According to Tarter, Blackson, Martin, Loeber and Moss (1993) their study found that sons of alcohol dependent fathers received more damaging discipline from their parents then daughters of alcohol dependent fathers or sons and daughters of non-dependent fathers. In a similar study, it was found that mothers with an alcohol dependency problem were more likely to use corporal punishment on their children then mothers without an alcohol dependency problem. The strong likelihood of corporal punishment may account for the length variance of 24-29% (greater for COAs) when looking at inpatient admissions of COAs verse non-COAs. Of the reasons for admissions, the most prominent were substance abuse and mental disorders. In the same study, the researchers estimated that between 70% and 90% of all money spent on the child welfare systems is due to parental substance use/abuse (Reid, Macchetto Foster, 1999). Multiple theories have been formulated to try and explain what makes an alcoholic abusive. Miller, Maguin and Downs (1997) came up with three of their own. Their first theory is the Cognitive Disorganization hypothesis. This idea offers the explanation that the likelihood of violence increases due to the lack of communication among the family. The faltering communication is associated with the consumption of alcohol. When communication fails the alcohol dependent person may misinterpret general social cues, overestimate the presence of threat and underestimate the consequences of violent acts. Their second theory is the Deviance Disavowal hypothesis. This idea finds that the abuser removes the blame of the violence from him/herself and places it onto the alcohol. This action effectively minimizes their personal responsibility for their violent actions and removes all guilt they may feel. Their final theory is the Disinhibition hypothesis, this idea offers the explanation that alcohol has a pharmacological interference with the centers of the brain that inhibit socially acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. These theories are not a definitive answer, but they give some idea into what may be the reason for alcoholism and child abuse being so closely linked. Conclusion The studies have shown that a parents use and abuse of alcohol will affect their child in a negative way. While these studies still continue to be done, it seems that the number of children subjected to this life style still increases. It is impossible to deny that this is a real problem, as the COAs grow older and begin a life of their own, they risk repeating the cycle and subjecting more children to the same situation, or worse, then the one they were in. The studies have been done, now we need to find away to fix the problem before it gets any worse.

Database Management System In An Organization

Database Management System In An Organization A DBMS Database Management System is a commercial software program used to control, manipulate and maintain the Database by enabling users to access, store, organize, modify, retrieve, secure and provide integrity of data in a database. A DBMS accepts request from users or applications and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data as shown in the diagram below. Figure 1: database management (Source: http://broncu.blogspot.com/2010/04/dbms-mysql.html) Wikipedia (2011) defines Database Management System as a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users. Examples: Microsoft Access, My SQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and FileMaker Pro are all examples of database management systems. (Wikipedia, 2011). Microsoft Access: Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft jet database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. In mid-May 2010, the current version Microsoft Access 2010 was released by Microsoft in Office 2010; Microsoft Office Access 2007 was the prior version. My SQL: MySQL is a relational database management system that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after developer Michael Widenius daughter, my. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. Microsoft SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI S SQL. Oracle: The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. FileMaker Pro: FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc., formerly Claris, a subsidiary of Apple Inc. It integrates a database engine with a GUI-based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts, screens, or forms. Advantages Singh (2009) illustrates advantages and disadvantages of DBMS. A true DBMS offers several advantages over file processing. The principal advantages of a DBMS are the followings: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flexibility: Because programs and data are independent, programs do not have to be modified when types of unrelated data are added to or deleted from the database, or when physical storage changes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fast response to information requests: Because data are integrated into a single database, complex requests can be handled much more rapidly then if the data were located in separate, non-integrated files. In many businesses, faster response means better customer service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple access: Database software allows data to be accessed in a variety of ways (such as through various key fields) and often, by using several programming languages (both 3GL and nonprocedural 4GL programs). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lower user training costs: Users often find it easier to learn such systems and training costs may be reduced. Also, the total time taken to process requests may be shorter, which would increase user productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Less storage: Theoretically, all occurrences of data items need be stored only once, thereby eliminating the storage of redundant data. System developers and database designers often use data normalization to minimize data redundancy. Warehouse of information, where large data can be stored. Systematic storage meaning data can be stored in the form of tables. Change of schema meaning it is not platform dependent tables can be edited to add new ones without hampering the applications. No language dependence meaning use of various languages on various platforms. Table joins meaning data can be in two or more tables and can be put into one table this enables easy retrieval of data. Data security meaning DBMS secures all your data. The data independence and efficient access of data Easy in data administration or data management. Provides concurrent access, recovers the data from the crashes. Disadvantages A database system generally provides on-line access to the database for many users. In contrast, a conventional system is often designed to meet a specific need and therefore generally provides access to only a small number of users. Because of the larger number of users accessing the data when a database is used, the enterprise may involve additional risks as compared to a conventional data processing system in the following areas. Confidentiality, privacy and security. Data quality. Data integrity. Enterprise vulnerability may be higher. The cost of using DBMS. Confidentiality, Privacy and Security When information is centralised and is made available to users from remote locations, the possibilities of abuse are often more than in a conventional data processing system. To reduce the chances of unauthorised users accessing sensitive information, it is necessary to take technical, administrative and, possibly, legal measures. Most databases store valuable information that must be protected against deliberate trespass and destruction. Data Quality Since the database is accessible to users remotely, adequate controls are needed to control users updating data and to control data quality. With increased number of users accessing data directly, there are enormous opportunities for users to damage the data. Unless there are suitable controls, the data quality may be compromised. Data Integrity Since a large number of users could be using a database concurrently, technical safeguards are necessary to ensure that the data remain correct during operation. The main threat to data integrity comes from several different users attempting to update the same data at the same time. The database therefore needs to be protected against inadvertent changes by the users. Enterprise Vulnerability Centralising all data of an enterprise in one database may mean that the database becomes an indispensible resource. The survival of the enterprise may depend on reliable information being available from its database. The enterprise therefore becomes vulnerable to the destruction of the database or to unauthorised modification of the database. The Cost of using a DBMS Conventional data processing systems are typically designed to run a number of well-defined, pre-planned processes. Such systems are often tuned to run efficiently for the processes that they were designed for. Although the conventional systems are usually fairly inflexible in that new applications may be difficult to implement and/or expensive to run, they are usually very efficient for the applications they are designed for. The database approach on the other hand provides a flexible alternative where new applications can be developed relatively inexpensively. The flexible approach is not without its costs and one of these costs is the additional cost of running applications that the conventional system was designed for. Using standardised software is almost always less machine efficient than specialised software. Cost of hardware and software meaning having to upgrade the hardware used for file based system it is very costly. Cost of data conversion meaning its costly to convert data of data files into database and have to hire database and system designers. Cost of staff training meaning organization has to be aid a lot of amount for the training of staff to run dms. Database damage meaning all data stored into a single file if database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted on a storage media meaning all valuable data may be lost forever. It also takes a lot of time and effort to get DBMS started. Benefits of a Database Management System in an organization As discuss by the Ezinearticles (2011), organizations often times find themselves in a dilemma on how they can effectively serve the needs of their members. At the same time, they also enter a situation wherein there is difficulty in handling data, given the sheer volume of information. More often than not, the results of these instances are not anything but desirable; confusion, chaos, mismanagement, lost confidence by members, etc. To solve these problems, organizations turn to information technology (IT) experts for answers. With many years of experience in coming up with solutions for businesses and other entities, IT professionals have what it takes to come up with an effective data management and accreditation system that will be used by organizations. There must also be enhanced accessibility to the said system, which means that members from other locations can still gain entry into the system, regardless of elements such as time and geography. Investing on the services of IT consultants is, however, not like buying something from a store. It entails huge sums of money to come up with a good data management and accreditation system for an organization, aside from engaging the professional services of IT experts. Fortunately, IT experts can help minimize the cost through the creation of a database system based on existing resources being held by the organization. Investing on the services of IT experts and having a good data and accreditation management system may seem to be too costly, but the long-term benefits are worthy to be seen. By having a good database system, it will be much easier for organizations to deal with their members because of enhanced access to information. The placement of additional pieces of information can be done better if there is a good data management system. Having a good data and accreditation management system empowers members of an organization. This is possible because they have the ability to gain the necessary information about things that matter to them as members. They conduction of business with the organizations intervention is made faster and more efficient if a good data management system is in place. There is no reason for organizations to hesitate when it comes to investing on a good data and accreditation management system. The long-term benefits of having one are far greater than the costs, and will be very helpful to the organization and their members in the long run. Improved strategic use of corporate data. Reduced complexity of the organizations information systems environment. Reduced data redundancy and inconsistency. Enhanced data integrity. Application-data independence. Improved security. Reduced application development and maintenance costs. Improved flexibility of information systems. Increased access and availability of data and information. (Blurtit, 2011). Prospects in DBMS and Career Opportunities The work of a database administrator (DBA) varies according to the nature of the employing organisation and the level of responsibility associated with the post. The work may be pure maintenance or it may also involve specialising in database development. Prospects, the UKs official career website (2011) states that jobs available in this field are: Senior Database Architect Database Architect design and builds database structure and objects that best support operational and analytics application. Tests and debug physical database objects for performance and troubleshooting. * Design and implement optimal star and snowflake schema in the database * Communicate and collaborate with team members and management on the designed database structures and schemas * Write and present eloquently with the appropriate audience perspective in mind * Support troubleshooting of production issues of existing application as warranted * Participate in collaborative discussions with team members to monitor progress against enhancement queue and bug resolution. * Stay proactive in identifying potential risks/issues due to the overall application design and make recommendations. Database Administrator This position requires a Top Secret Security Clearance. This position will support a US Air Force Contract. The successful candidate will be responsible for planning, coordinating and administering computerized databases, including base definition, structure, documentation, long and short range requirements, operational guidelines, protection and logical-physical database design. Formulates and monitors policies, procedures and standards relating to database management. Identifies, evaluates and recommends relevant COTS software tools. Collaborate with software engineers, security administration, computer operations, network management and system administration to ensure quality and integrity of databases, application software and data. Responsible for performance monitoring, database. Database Architect Specialist Database Architect design and builds database structure and objects that best support operational and analytics application. Tests and debug physical database objects for performance and troubleshooting. * Design and implement optimal star and snowflake schema in the database * Communicate and collaborate with team members and management on the designed database structures and schemas * Write and present eloquently with the appropriate audience perspective in mind * Support troubleshooting of production issues of existing application as warranted * Participate in collaborative discussions with team members to monitor progress against enhancement queue and bug resolution. * Stay proactive in identifying potential risks/issues due to the overall application design and make recommendations. Database Administration Consultant Evaluates new database technologies and tools, sets database system and programming standards, applies database technology to business problems and manages the development and production database environments with emphasis on security, availability and performance. Provides database services in compliance with all audit and regulatory requirements. The ideal candidate must be experienced in the management of Oracle E-Business 11.5.10.2 including installation, upgrade, patching, cloning, backup and recovery, monitoring, tuning, security, and definition of procedures for custom development. The ideal candidate must be experienced in the implementation and management of Oracle E-Business 11.5.10.2 as configured for the Oracle Massive Availability Architecture. Senior Database Engineer Responsible for requirements analysis, software development and installation, integration, evaluation, enhancement, maintenance, testing, and problem diagnosis and resolution. Qualifications: Bachelors degree with ten (10) years experience as a Database Engineer in developing relational database software and experience with one or more relational database products. Preferred Additional Skills: Possess organizational and management skills, along with the ability to respond to crises objectively. Understanding of the current database management system releases. Conclusion The document that we have put together is a group assignment that was done by four individuals. Some of the problems that we faced as a group are that, we couldnt meet due to our clashing schedules; others are busy with other obligations. We would like to say that we tried to produce the best group work that we could, hopefully learnt from this experience to better ourselves for our future endeavors.

Huckleberry Finn book report Essay example -- essays research papers

Will Mullin Per. G/H   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck’s Internal Battle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Samuel L. Clemens, who is also known by his pen name Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was Twain’s first book relating to adventure stories for boys. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn stars Tom Sawyers comrade, Huck. Huck is rough around the edges but a real good kid and softy at heart. Huck had good morals despite all his lies and sometimes cruel jokes and tries to do the right thing. Throughout the story Huckleberry Finn has an internal battle with racism and whether his morals or those imposed upon him by society are the right to follow. Huck is a victim of his time and influences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck is a rebel always defying and opposing authority throughout the book and his constant need to break his restrictions and be truly free would be preferable. â€Å"She put me in new clothes again, and I couldn’t do nothing†¦ and feel all cramped up (12). Clothing are used to try and civilize Huck but this makes him feel restricted and he would rather not conform to what society believes correct. â€Å"I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she is going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can’t stand it† (283). Huck feels that in order to flee society he must move out west alone. â€Å"I been there before†(283). Huck’s quest to escape civilizations grasp is an one going one. What is interesting is that he despises society yet society admires him and he is the ideal â€Å"lone ranger†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this point in time black’s were not viewed as equals by the whites and were some times they were convinced that they were truely of a lower class which could explain Jim putting up with Tom’s ridiculous plans for so long. â€Å"There’s ben a dozen a-helpin’ that nigger, ‘n’ I lay I’d skin every last nigger on this place but I’d find out who done it, s’I; ‘n’ moreover, s’I.... A dozen says you!- forty couldn’t ‘a’ done every... ...ng uneducated. Society prevents Huck from being the man he wants and Jim from everything that could make him a human being rather than a piece of property.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Societies pressured views and opinions towards slavery is a heavy burden on Huck. It demands him to make a mature decision that most adults would find hard to face between his own morals or those of society. Huck often thinks to himself of how he views or treats slaves and it has been back and forth.â€Å"I knowed he was white inside†(267). â€Å"It made me feel so mean I could have almost kissed his foot†(90). As undecided Huck’s thoughts are his actions show his morals are stronger than societies. Huck was pressured most by the Law of the Land stating that all run away slaves must be turned in. His dilemma was to decide wether to follow or he defy this legal restriction and go through with helping Jim. Huck often puzzled over this and at one point started writing a letter which he ripped up because he had come to his senses and was going to help Jim as friend and not turn him in for the color of his skin. Even after this Huck still had the grief and

Product Levels Essay

Question 1: There are three product levels, they each add more customer value than the previous level and they constitute a customer value hierarchy. The decision of customers is usually based on the value that they expect to receive from buying and consuming it. The first level is the core benefit. It is the actual or fundamental benefit that the customer seeks when he buys the product. It is need to the most basic need that he/she wants to satisfy. For example, someone will go buy a red bull for the energy drink or someone will buy a car to have private transport. An example from the case study, Rick and Cynthia just moved into a new apartment and want to buy a new Television, they are various reasons for wanting a television but we can put it as an entertainment. The second level is the basic/tangible/actual product. The manufacturing and marketing departments have to co-operate closely to ensure that the basic product is able to offer the need-satisfaction benefit that customers want. It is the service/product that the customers buy. For example, a car is composed of a roof, doors, windows †¦ etc.. From the case study it will be all the features and attributes of a television as well as its design and packaging. The Television chosen by Rick and Cynthia is a HD Plasma TV so the HD is already a feature as well as the plasma. The third level is the augmented product. It is when the product doesn’t only meet the customers’ expectations but even exceeds them. It is a way of differentiating a product from others which constitutes a competitive advantage for the company. For example, adding special sound in a car or the fact that cars are on warranty†¦ Relating to the case study, we can say that the staff at game was very friendly and knowledgeable which adds a plus to sell a TV. The HD PVR that was sold with installation included. The fact that they will deliver the product to Rick and Cynthia’s home.

buy custom Automotive Industry essay

buy custom Automotive Industry essay Toyota is one of the fastest growing companies and has been ranked as second largest automotive company with a lot of opportunities at its disposal. Toyota has a very good reputation being the manufacture of vehicles which are environment friendly. This is due to adaption of brand new technologies, which have been developed by the company and which has led to the increase in the demand for hybrid vehicles like Prius. There are numerous opportunities for Toyota in the urban youth market. This is because the launch of the Aygo, which targeted the youth market and the DJ culture, has made the company to have a competitive advantage in the automotive industry. The vehicle is considered to be a unique convertible for a narrow segment. This is not beneficial for its margins which are very low and which makes branding to be extremely difficult. The company is being favored by the depreciation of the dollar which has a very positive impact on the increasing sales within the US. It is a great opportunity for the company since it significantly helps in the reduction of the production costs. This reduction in production costs can lead to the increase in the profit margins of the company if it is properly used. Toyota Company faces quite a number of threats which can affect its business operations. Product recalls in Toyota company have become a major threat to the company in the competitive automotive industry where the company had to recall faulty cars either because of faulty gas pedals or faulty suspension systems. This recall of the faulty cars has caused the loss of customers and damage to company's reputation since no customer is willing to purchase faulty vehicles. Competition in the automotive industry is very high and has been noted to increase each day because it has no limitations to new entrants into the market. The increasing competitiveness of the automotive industry has posed a very great threat to the company. Therefore for the company to be able to survive in the competitive industry it is important to come up with good strategies which can sustain the competitive advantage of the company (LeBeau, 2010). The increase in global fuel price is another threa that Toyota company is facing. It is because of its negative effects on the demand and sales of the fuel guzzlers since consumers often reject them purchasing the vehicles which are fuel efficient. This has caused an economic slowdown, since it is a problem which is affecting the whole world and all the automotive companies (Mankiw, 2004). The tightening of emission standards and environmental laws also impose a great threat to the company. Emission of pollutant waste is very costly and this can affect operations of the company since the relocation of companys operations to areas, where these regulations require low is very costly (LeBeau, 2010). Toyota is an automotive company which operates in a global automotive industry. For the company to be able to compose a strategy which is very successful, it is necessary to be able to come up with practices which are accountable in the global automotive environment. In order for Toyota to be able to meet these environmental requirements, it has come up with hybrid cars which is a new form of technology highly dependent on the economical, social, regulatory and environmental factors. The company adapted the dominance of the internal combustion engine on the basis of the social and technological forces. The adaption of hybrid cars by executives of Toyota Company, like other previous decisions and actions, was mainly determined in the social context (Phillip Fazleena, 2011). This adaption of hybrid vehicles was a very good strategic move by the executives of the Toyota company. It was a great success because the introduction of the Prius by Toyota instigated the use of hybrid technologies by other companies as well. The continuous increase in prices increases awareness about the environmental contingencies. These hybrid cars are very friendly to the environment since they produce less pollution and the demand for them is very high, which is a great opportunity for the company. I think Toyota should take a great advantage of all the opportunities that the company has. The opportunities give it a chance to become a very well established brand in the market niche. The executives of Toyota should come up with strategies which are aimed at maximizing all the opportunities of the company and make them part of the strengths. This can give a sustainable competitive advantage and ensure the survival of the company in the competitive environment through the reduction of threats to the company (Cullen, 2010). Toyota should recognize all the opportunities which are available and grasp them as soon as they arise. These opportunities often arise from the competition, the government, technology, and even the market. Through this, it is possible to build on the companys strengths and profitability. Threats, which the company is facing can affect the normal operations if they are not addressed by leaders, who are the main decision makers. What the company can do to address these threats is to adapt new technologies and new production modes. The company should come up with new strategies which are aimed at the production of fuel-efficient cars since the demand for them is still very high. This is a very big opportunity for the company. The company should also try to come up with modes of production, which are less pollutant and also try to recycle the wastes and make a good use of them (LeBeau, 2010). What I have learned is that threats and opportunities are usually a part of the SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities) of a company and conducting the analysis of a company or business is essential to the decision making process. This is because it enables the leaders to come up with good strategies for the improvement of the company and its future endeavors. The opportunities to a company are usually the advantages, which are external and in most cases, they accrue to the company depending on all the stakeholders and economy. The threats to a company usually affect the company due to its direct involvement with other key players in the same industry which may pose a great risk for the company in the competitive industry. This identification of opportunities and threats of a company is very useful in helping a business to summarize and clarify major key issues which face it. It also helps the business to set its aims and objectives which is very helpful to maximize companys strengths. It can also help the business to come up with new strategies, and spot new business opportunities to fully use them. Buy custom Automotive Industry essay

6 Signs You Didnt Get the Job

6 Signs You Didnt Get the Job Your resume and cover letter were pitch perfect. Your interview outfit was flattering and made you feel like a million bucks. You hit it off with your interviewer, sailed through all the tough questions, and had a great handshake on your way out the door. Now you’re sitting at home sweating bullets wondering why you haven’t gotten the call. Even if you’re the perfect candidate and everything goes this smoothly and more, it’s possible that- for reasons that might not have anything to do with you- you still won’t get the job.Save yourself a lot of agonizing disappointment by keeping an eye out for these six signs instead:1. You were downgradedYou were supposed to meet with three members of the team, but when you showed up, only one measly HR rep was there to meet you. This could mean they’ve all but finished up their search and your interview is now a mere formality. It’s not a good sign either way.2. Your time was shortchangedYour inter view is over minutes after it begun. You were just easing up and getting comfortable explaining your many virtues! And all of a sudden- â€Å"That’s all, thank you.† This is pretty much a death knell, unless the building happens to be on fire.3. Your interviewer is distractedYou’re rocking it, but your interviewer doesn’t seem to care- or even notice. Maybe they’re checking their phone, or looking out the window, checking their email thinking you won’t notice. If they’re not just as invested in impressing you as you are in impressing them, this will probably end up like a bad first date; you’ll never hear from them again.4. It’s clear you’re unqualifiedYour interviewer keeps asking about a skill you’ve admitted you don’t have. They keep emphasizing just how important that skill is to the team. Translation: â€Å"Don’t call us, we’ll call you.† At least you’ll know why you didn’t get the job.5.  There’s no mention of a follow-up planYou had a great time and really felt like you nailed it- or not!- but your interviewer just says â€Å"Thank you† or â€Å"We’ll be in touch.† If no next steps are mentioned, and no timeline is given, that’s a pretty good sign you’ve reached the end of the line with this one.6. You’re given sage adviceIf your interviewer gives you advice on job searching, they’re probably not expecting to give you the job. They might just be trying to help you out and soften the blow. The good news about this particular brand of rejection is that you get a free coaching session. Take it and move on.

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Fair goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fair goal - Essay Example me matches without selling it for the club or taking any money from them because if they saw it in the match we can also tell the other club to check it while we are using it in this match so they can know what is it and how it works. There was something like our product before but smaller and it was like a small electronic device inside the ball and if it pass the line will make a sound but they couldnt make it and they lost their product and their money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Competitors in this product will be few or no Competitors because as we said before it is new thing and no one tried it before. This is a great advantage to this, as it means we d not have to worry about having a unique seeing point or a strategy that is better than others. But we are afraid of one thing which is : What if someone after he saw our product try to make something like our product ? This is possible as all it takes is the idea for somebody to see and then claim it as their own and try to market it and make a profit for themselves. This will make us in big trouble because maybe he has support more than us or he have relations with people in the clubs and he can destroy us quickly and we will lose everything. This would be extremely bad for us in every way. But if we work fast and try our product in the small leagues and stay away from the big leagues we will be in the safe side and there will not be as much of a risk. We only want to make for us a name and to make the people know our products so when we get the chance to try it in the big leagues they will know it and will buy it from us. Because if we start in the Big league no one will try us but we can make a deal with one of the big clubs in the world like Barcelona and Real Madrid and we pay them some money to let us try our product in some of their matches so the people know about it more. So we want to start small and lower risks, and then if we are successful, we can then try bigger ventures and bigger clubs. The Strengths ,

What is Romance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is Romance - Essay Example I plainly believe, on this ground, that one such element of huge significance is romance – a mystical fuel or driving force within what constitutes the essence of love yet which possesses distinct character that enables us to distinguish one relationship from the other. Despite the mystery of how it works, romance is something humans readily perceive for it is, I suppose, designed to relish our senses and recognize the truth of love in-the-making. By experience and common knowledge, we take romance as it is in thought and act capable of emerging moments of lasting splendor due to which, we feel young at heart. It is not merely present and cherished by couples of opposite sexes, as I see it. Apparently, there occurs romance between any two critically intimate entities – such as man and God, man and self, God and other creatures, man and world, or even mind and wisdom, as well as life and struggle. We may not derive strength from it on a regular basis but certainly, romance beats the dull and illumines a soul in gloom as we treat it an unseen worker of personal tale, an occasional spice of relief, a rainbow connection, a dancing reverie, or a starlight express in all aspects of living. Last week, I visited the Timken Museum at Balboa Park in San Diego. The painting ‘Mrs. Thomas Gage, 1771’ by John Singleton Copley especially caught my attention. Through oil on canvas, Copley seems to have managed his artistry to work on the fine details of the piece in the manner as to exude radiance of the main subject. In the overall view of the painting, hence, my critical observation led me to ponder that the chief task of his brainwork could have focused on lighting scheme. It appears that, besides the vital consideration of lines, curves, and colors that altogether formed the image of Mrs. Thomas Gage, Copley ensured that these visual elements were governed by the perspective of light, originating mostly out of the

Colony Collapse Disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Colony Collapse Disorder - Case Study Example Some of the European countries have observed this phenomenon in alarming numbers whereas some have observed this phenomenon in fewer quantities. Colony collapse disorder is a serious economic concern to the countries particularly to the agricultural countries because bees play a major role in the pollination of pollen grains of the various plants and crops. Bees play a major role in the reproduction of many plants and crops in the forests and due to colony collapse disorder this phenomenon of reproduction has been badly affected. Researchers and scientists are really worried over this rapidly increasing phenomenon of vanishing bees and many researches have been conducted in order to find the real cause behind this phenomenon, but the research teams have not been able to find any major reason for this. Many possibilities have been presented and tested for verification but only a few of the theories related to the cause of CDD have been verified. Though persistent researches many reaso ns have been discovered which are leading to the colony collapse disorder. ... The various reasons that have been found out as the cause of colony collapse disorder are malnutrition, pathogens like Varroa, Nosema, viral and fungal infections combined, pesticides, insecticides, antibiotics, miticides, neonicotinoids, genetically varied crops, variations in migration of the bees, electromagnetic radiations from the cell phones, parasites, pests,, harmful chemicals, destructions of habitats, lack of genetic biodiversity, toxins and poisonous gases in the air, the way the bees are kept, pathogens, extreme climatic conditions, mites, diseases related to honey bees, etc. (Ellis, University of Florida & Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 2007). It is of great concern for the scientists that the insecticides and pesticides used for the protection of the plants and crops from parasites and pests are having a very bad and adverse effect on the environment and the useful insects and living organisms. It has been observed that although these insecticides and pesticides do not kill the organism rather these chemicals impair the abilities and senses of the organisms and eventually the organism will behave absurdly and this will affect the entire eco system. One such pesticide is the neonicotinoids, which belongs to the class of neuro-active insecticides. These insecticides contain the chemical imidacloprid and other such chemicals. These chemical affect the nervous system of the insects, it is found out that these chemicals affect the brain and neurons of the honey bee and disables the sense of directions in the honey bee as a result of which they are unable to reach back to their homes. A research was carried out by scientists in which around twenty hives were considered and each hive was given high fructose corn syrup in different quantities in order to

Secular Humanism and the Infringement of Religious Civil Liberties Research Paper

Secular Humanism and the Infringement of Religious Civil Liberties - Research Paper Example Mainstream humanism has an uncertain relationship to religion. From one perspective, it declares that religion, fundamentally, is an outdated anti-modern method for relating people to the universe, however then again, its totalistic world perspective makes it a practical likeness conventional religious perspectives1. This clash over its religious status lies at the heart of late discussions over mainstream humanism and makes it hard to sort the position as either a religion or reasoning. Extensively, humanism might be arranged as a sensation of the advanced time that has pulled in the consideration and investment essential of scholarly people in the West. At the point when acknowledged singularly as an erudite world view, it incorporates the general investigative, philosophical, and religious viewpoints of current Western scholars. In numerous regards, it is the belief system of advancement. As a religious perspective, a few researchers have likened it with a summed up "religion of p opular government," the American common religion. Nonetheless, this article treats humanism all the more barely, as a social development attached to nineteenth-century free thought bunches and to twentieth-century liberal religions. Contingent upon the particular accentuations of unique humanists, they may call themselves religious, common, naturalistic, moral, or investigative2. Generally, humanists reject belief in a higher power and supernaturalism and stress mankinds obligation regarding its prosperity. This humanism should not be confounded with Renaissance humanism, artistic "new humanism," or Christian humanism, all of which have a few focuses in just the same as it in any case, all things considered, stem from totally distinctive roots and hold very diverse presumptions about the way of individuals and the world. The idea of mainstream humanism emerged by method for diverge from the prior expressly religious humanism upheld by the American Unitarians in the 1920s and

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Motivation - Essay Example This can be explained as the desire and will to make extra efforts in accomplishing objectives on behalf of the company at the same time as recognizing the capability of one’s effort in achieving personal needs. The intention of this essay is to give a methodical and in depth enlightenment into the trend of employee motivation and at the same time explain how the effect of motivation can be on the employee’s obligation and work performance in an organisation. This will be made possible with pertinent examples and hypotheses, pertaining motivation of employee. In order to produce a focused type of presentation the paper will be concluded by me through the presentation of executions that are practical of either any or more of the theories discussed on one particular organisation to determine what factors affect the discussed employee motivation hypotheses at that organisation. This will be done to examine how motivation is closely associated to the dedication and performa nce at work in any organisation. ... rent perspectives will be showcased in order to be the blueprint on what effect motivation has on employees in terms of their allegiance, dedication and the level of performance of work in the organisation. Subsequently a sample study on a relevant case concerning employee motivation will be presented and this will support the hypothesis on employee motivation execution in an organisation and how this has influenced the employee motivation and the allegiance in the company. Through this process I expect I would have achieved the main objectives set for this essay. Theoretical Background Motivation The word motivation is derived from the word ‘move’ and it simply means the inward drive that is crucial to guide people’s actions and behaviours towards goals either personal or organizational goals. Mullins, (2005) explains that â€Å"this ‘force’ is a degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specified behaviours. On the other hand, the behaviours that are motivated are mostly choices done voluntarily controlled by the individual doing the said action and at the same time this can contain several step procedures that projects an individual towards a specific goal. In the business environment, the supervisor or the manager might act as the motivator, will want to prevail upon the factors that will motivate his or her staff who in this case are the employees for them to perform at their highest levels of productivity. Even though many theories exist that try to explain the motivation phenomenon, still, there are no specific answer that can describe exactly what motivates people to work. Employee Motivation This is the drive that makes the personnel to commit themselves in excelling to accomplish the goals and objectives that is quite

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example ing solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PVs) – and notes that while these types seek at the maximization of solar energy, they have different approaches (Hamer 1). The considered questions in the article are related to the primary types of solar energy, the suitability of solar energy in heating water and the benefits that zero net energy constructions give to consumers. In this line, Hamer states that the world’s global energy needs will be largely dependent on the use of solar devices to harness light and heat from the sun for the generation of electricity via photovoltaic cells, owing to the declining prices of solar collectors. This reason is also largely supported by the sunny forecasts put on solar energy and a resemblance of the electricity system to the internet, having no particular center of activity, except for the photovoltaics integrated into roofs and windows. Consequently, Hamer states that there is an increase in the production, but, a subsequent decline in purchasing costs of PVs; hence, likely to have a significant impact on the installation of PVs and access to electricity. This would then classify solar energy for the many uses that electricity can be put to such as heating of water. PVs are also environmentally friendly as they produce no greenhouse gases or atmospheric emissions as a technology. Therefore, it presents itself as the most likely choice of renewable energy technology for embracing by the public (Hamer 1). Finally, a proposal for zero net energy buildings is given in which the Department of Energy is considering producing houses that consume no energy on net rate, but, incorporate numerous technologies for future homes, including the solar thermal and photovoltaics. In this article, the core theme as presented by Haugen is that of the effective production of electricity through solar energy. First, the energy is described as clean and reliable by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as a counter for myths over

Secular Humanism and the Infringement of Religious Civil Liberties Research Paper

Secular Humanism and the Infringement of Religious Civil Liberties - Research Paper Example Mainstream humanism has an uncertain relationship to religion. From one perspective, it declares that religion, fundamentally, is an outdated anti-modern method for relating people to the universe, however then again, its totalistic world perspective makes it a practical likeness conventional religious perspectives1. This clash over its religious status lies at the heart of late discussions over mainstream humanism and makes it hard to sort the position as either a religion or reasoning. Extensively, humanism might be arranged as a sensation of the advanced time that has pulled in the consideration and investment essential of scholarly people in the West. At the point when acknowledged singularly as an erudite world view, it incorporates the general investigative, philosophical, and religious viewpoints of current Western scholars. In numerous regards, it is the belief system of advancement. As a religious perspective, a few researchers have likened it with a summed up "religion of p opular government," the American common religion. Nonetheless, this article treats humanism all the more barely, as a social development attached to nineteenth-century free thought bunches and to twentieth-century liberal religions. Contingent upon the particular accentuations of unique humanists, they may call themselves religious, common, naturalistic, moral, or investigative2. Generally, humanists reject belief in a higher power and supernaturalism and stress mankinds obligation regarding its prosperity. This humanism should not be confounded with Renaissance humanism, artistic "new humanism," or Christian humanism, all of which have a few focuses in just the same as it in any case, all things considered, stem from totally distinctive roots and hold very diverse presumptions about the way of individuals and the world. The idea of mainstream humanism emerged by method for diverge from the prior expressly religious humanism upheld by the American Unitarians in the 1920s and

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example ing solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PVs) – and notes that while these types seek at the maximization of solar energy, they have different approaches (Hamer 1). The considered questions in the article are related to the primary types of solar energy, the suitability of solar energy in heating water and the benefits that zero net energy constructions give to consumers. In this line, Hamer states that the world’s global energy needs will be largely dependent on the use of solar devices to harness light and heat from the sun for the generation of electricity via photovoltaic cells, owing to the declining prices of solar collectors. This reason is also largely supported by the sunny forecasts put on solar energy and a resemblance of the electricity system to the internet, having no particular center of activity, except for the photovoltaics integrated into roofs and windows. Consequently, Hamer states that there is an increase in the production, but, a subsequent decline in purchasing costs of PVs; hence, likely to have a significant impact on the installation of PVs and access to electricity. This would then classify solar energy for the many uses that electricity can be put to such as heating of water. PVs are also environmentally friendly as they produce no greenhouse gases or atmospheric emissions as a technology. Therefore, it presents itself as the most likely choice of renewable energy technology for embracing by the public (Hamer 1). Finally, a proposal for zero net energy buildings is given in which the Department of Energy is considering producing houses that consume no energy on net rate, but, incorporate numerous technologies for future homes, including the solar thermal and photovoltaics. In this article, the core theme as presented by Haugen is that of the effective production of electricity through solar energy. First, the energy is described as clean and reliable by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as a counter for myths over

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Global warming causes changes in the earth’s weather patterns that have disastrous effects. Global warming or anthropogenic global warming is defined as the gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature. One of the major causes for this phenomenon has been attributed to the increase in the quantity of certain gases in the atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect. The radiation received from the sun by the earth is retransmitted by the earth into space, but the wavelength of the retransmitted radiation is greater than that of the incident radiation. The gases present in the atmosphere absorb this radiation and this action results in increasing the earth’s temperature. Carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas. Some of the other greenhouse gases are water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydroflourocarbons, perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Industrialization and deforestation are the chief factors that have caused this increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Further, the ever increasing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are modifying the composition of the atmosphere, thereby leading to global climatic changes. For instance, the period 1995 to 2006, was witness to the warmest atmospheric temperatures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or the IPCC had estimated in the year 2001 that the linear warming trend from 1906 to 2005 of 0. 74? C was higher than the corresponding trend for the period from 1901 to 2000 when it was only 0. 6? C (Webb, Barlow, Whetton, May 2007). Moreover, the increase in global temperatures has wrought widespread climatic changes. The melting of glaciers and ice deposits near the poles and the thermal expansion of the oceans has brought about an increase in the sea level. Heavy rains are being caused due to the changes in the patterns of precipitation and an increase in the number of hurricanes was observed. In addition, an increase occurred in the average intensity and duration of these hurricanes, due to the correlation of hurricanes with the surface temperatures of the tropical seas. Furthermore, other natural catastrophes like floods, droughts, heat waves and tornadoes exhibited intensification in their duration and cycles. In addition, global warming causes changes in agricultural output, glacier movements and summer stream flows; and the extinction of certain species. Other concomitant causes are the spreading of infectious diseases like malaria. Scientists predict that the effects of global warming would last up to the year 2100 because carbon dioxide would persist from fifty to two hundred years (Cause and effect for global warming). Deforestation is one of the main reasons for the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, because trees convert most of the carbon dioxide to oxygen. In addition, burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For instance, in the year 1987 a large area of the Amazon rain forest was burned down and this burning released nearly five hundred tons of carbon dioxide into the earth’s atmosphere. Further the conflagrant of forests would result in a reduction of the number trees, which would increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and thereby enhance the greenhouse effect. Modern civilization entails the use of cars, power stations and industrialization, which are factors that contribute to global warming. The main contributors to this process of global warming are the United States, the European counties and China (Global Warming). In addition to carbon dioxide, which comprises more than half of the greenhouse gases, there are other gases that also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Methane is released due to activities like coal mining, oil excavations and the burning of fossil fuels. Agriculture is the chief contributor of methane and cattle emit methane into the atmosphere when they chew their food. As the world population increases, the activities of agriculture are also increased thereby the emissions of methane also increases. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is emitted during the burning of fossil fuels. Chlorofluorocarbons are emitted by air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols and their molecules are ten thousand times more effective in absorbing heat than carbon dioxide molecules. Moreover, they survive for a hundred and ten years in the atmosphere (Global Warming). Oceans absorb carbon dioxide, but when the oceans heat up their ability to absorb carbon dioxide diminishes. Moreover, methane, which is located in the ocean bed, is released due to the warming of the oceans. Global warming raises temperature levels and it has been observed that the temperature at poles rises more than that of other regions on the earth. This causes the melting of glaciers and ice at the poles, which would further raise the sea level. Occurrences of storms and hurricanes become more frequent due to global warming, because the heated oceans produce more water vapor. Continental farmlands suffer a greater depletion of water due to the heavy evaporation and there is decrease in the groundwater levels. These factors serve to increase the possibility of droughts. Due to the melting of the polar ice caps the sea level may rise by twenty to fifty centimeters by the year 2050, which would result in the inundation of the coastal areas (Global Warming). In order to overcome the problem of global warming it is essential to contain fossil fuel combustions, ban the use of CFCs completely and plant more trees. Energy conservation will help to diminish fossil fuel burning and efforts have to be made to find alternate transportation modes that will replace petrol and diesel fuelled cars. Moreover, cars that meet the eco friendly standards only should be manufactured. Deforestation should be completely stopped and afforestation should be initiated on a war footing. In the absence of such measures, the future of this planet is grim and life would be seriously endangered. References Cause and effect for global warming. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 9, 2007, from http://timeforchange. org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming Global Warming. (n. d. ). Retrieved Septeber 9, 2007, from http://www. ypte. org. uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/glob_warm. html Webb, L. , Barlow, S. , Whetton, P. (May 2007). Climate Change Raises the Heat on Wineries. Australasian Science , Vol. 28, Issue 4; Pg 20.

Case Study: Methanol Poisoning of a Child

Case Study: Methanol Poisoning of a Child Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of methanol poisoning in a child. We will first define the unfamiliar term of tertiary care centre and proceed to understand acid base homeostasis in the body, the basis for methanol poisoning. Then we will look at how ethanol and methanol are metabolised in the body followed by how methanol poisoning actually works. We will also discuss how the osmolal gap is obtained using osmolality and osmolarity and lastly child abuse. Learning Objectives Definition of unfamiliar terminology An overview of acid base homeostasis in the body How ethanol and methanol are metabolised in the body How does methanol poisoning work Osmolality and osmolarity Child abuse 1. Unfamiliar term: Tertiary care centre A tertiary care centre is where a patient goes to when primary and secondary care have not been able to adequately treat the patient. Tertiary care centres are equipped with highly trained staff and highly dedicated medical equipment to cater to complex treatments or procedures as required by the patient. An example of a tertiary care centre would be the colorectal unit at The Royal London (1). Amareen was transferred to a tertiary care centre to receive more suitable care mainly due to the fact that she was so young and suffering from methanol poisoning. 2. Overview of acid base homeostasis in the body Acid base homeostasis is the regulation of hydrogen ions. The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower the pH and vice versa. Acidic solutions have a high pH whereas alkaline solutions have a lower pH. The normal pH in the body is in the range of 7.35-7.45. A pH lower than 7.35 results in acidosis whereas a pH higher than 7.45 results in alkalosis. Acid base balance has its basis in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation shown in Figure 2. If we rearrange the equation, we see that bicarbonate and carbon dioxide directly affects the acid base balance. Figure 2: Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (3) There are three main ways in which the body controls the acid base balance. These three systems usually work together. Firstly, there are physiologic buffers, each of which consist of a weak acid and its base salt or a weak base and its base acid. Physiologic buffers react immediately within seconds to the change in pH in the body. These buffer systems occur in both intra and extracellular parts of the cells. The main buffering systems for physiologic buffers are extracellular bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system, intracellular protein buffers and phosphate buffers in the bone. An overview of the physiologic buffer system is shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Physiologic buffer systems (2) If physiologic buffers are not enough to return the pH back to its normal value, pulmonary compensation can take place in the lungs. This works by eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide. Increased ventilation effort (hyperventilation) and decreased ventilation effort (hypoventilation) are the two ways pulmonary compensation works. The changes in pulmonary compensation is rapid within a few minutes. The final compensatory mechanism, renal compensation in the kidney, starts when the previous two mechanisms have failed to regulate the pH level in the body. The kidneys maintain balance by excreting or conserving bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the body. However, this compensatory mechanism is a long term regulator and takes longer, usually a few hours, to respond to a change in acid base balance. The normal arterial blood gas values for partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 35-45 mmHg/ 4.7 kPa-6.0 kPa and bicarbonate concentration is 22-26 mmol/L. A change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide or bicarbonate concentration from normal levels results in respiratory or metabolic disorders respectively. This together with acidosis or alkalosis determined by the pH results in 4 main disorders arising. Figure 3 below shows the 4 different disorders and their respective compensatory mechanisms. Figure 3: Diagnosis of the four main acid base disorders and respective compensation mechanisms (4). In Amareen’s case, metabolic acidosis occurs. The major cause is the high production of formic acid which is not excreted quickly from the body. This has caused a decrease in the bicarbonate concentration due to H+ combining with bicarbonate. By the law of mass action using the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation, there is extra CO2 generated thus Amareen shows respiratory compensation via tachypneic breathing whereby the peripheral chemo receptors in the lungs are stimulated which stimulates the alveoli to try to exhale the excess CO2. The exhalation of CO2 would in most cases be enough to correct the metabolic acidosis but in this case as methanol was ingested, external treatment was mandatory to save Amareen’s life. 3. How methanol and ethanol are metabolised in the body Ethanol metabolism Ethanol, commonly known as drinking alcohol, is metabolised primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. Once ingested, ethanol is quickly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and small intestines with concentrations reaching at maximum level at 20-60 minutes (5). Ethanol is metabolised to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and then to acetate in the mitochondria via aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetate is then metabolised to Acetyl CoA and subsequently to CO2 and H2O by the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. Ethanol can also be metabolised by two other pathways: by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in microsomes of the endoplasmic reticulum when there is a high ethanol consumption and by catalase in peroxisomes (6). The three ways ethanol is metabolised are illustrated in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Oxidative pathways of ethanol metabolism in the body (7) Methanol metabolism Methanol, commonly known as wood alcohol, can be absorbed by the body via inhalation, ingestion and skin exposure (8). In this specific case, Amareen ingests methanol. When methanol is ingested, it is quickly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract with concentration reaching a maximum level at 30-90 minutes after ingestion (8). Methanol is primarily metabolised in the liver. In the first step, methanol is metabolised to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Then formaldehyde is subsequently metabolised to formic acid by formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Formic acid is finally metabolised into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of tetrahydrofolate. This final step proceeds very slowly and hence there is an accumulation of formic acid in the body which is the chief cause of methanol poisoning and will be discussed in the next section. Methanol metabolism is illustrated in Figure 5 below. Figure 5: Metabolism of methanol (9) 4. How does methanol poisoning work Symptoms and Causes The main characteristics of methanol poisoning are metabolic acidosis and ocular damage. Formic acid, the metabolite of methanol and not methanol itself is considered to be toxic. The severity of the toxicity correlates with the degree of metabolic acidosis rather than concentration of methanol. (10, 11) The accumulation of formic acid in the body has many detrimental effects if left untreated. The effects of methanol poisoning can be grouped into different phases (12). The phases are described in Table 1 below. Table 1: Different phases of methanol poisoning Formic acid has been shown to inhibit cytochrome C oxidase activity in mitochondria (14) which is similar to the action of cyanide, hydrogen sulphate and carbon monoxide (15). Cytochrome C oxidase is the last enzyme in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria which results in the synthesis of ATP (16). Thus, by inhibiting cytochrome C oxidase, there would be significant reduction in the synthesis of ATP resulting in cell hypoxia leading to cell injury and death (17, 18). The amount of formic acid in the blood is proportional to the increase in the anion gap which measures the contribution of unmeasured anions to acidosis by using the formula [Na+] + [K+] – [Cl-] [HCO3-] (19). A high anion gap of 20mmol/dL was observed in the arterial blood gas of Amareen when she was transferred to the tertiary care centre. A high anion gap indicates the loss of bicarbonate ions without concurrent loss in chloride ions. Thus, a low serum bicarbonate level is a reliable indicator of the severity of methanol poisoning. Other causes of a high anion gap are diabetes keto acidosis, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol and salycilate. Diagnosis Diagnosis for Amareen was relatively easy as a history was available from her parents stating that she had ingested methanol. This allowed doctors to treat Amareen quickly and correctly to prevent blindness or even death. If a history is unavailable, a test for the osmolal gap (refer to on how osmolal gap is derived) is very useful. A high osmolal gap (>10 mOsm/kg H20) indicates the presence of significant amounts of low molecular weight substances such as methanol. When methanol is metabolised, the osmolal gap returns to the normal and the anion gap increases due to formic acid formation which causes bicarbonate ions to decrease via the Henderson Hasselbach equation. A high serum methanol concentration of 35 mg/dL (> 0mg/dL), low serum bicarbonate level of 18mmol/L, low pH of 7.32 and a high anion gap of 20mmol/dL confirms Amareen’s diagnosis of metabolic acidosis cause by methanol poisoning. Treatments In this case, Amareen is treated with an ethanol drip. This is because like methanol, ethanol uses alcohol dehydrogenase as its first stage of metabolism and that ethanol has a higher affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase than methanol in the ratio of 20:1 (8). Therefore when ethanol enters the bloodstream, they will competitively bind to alcohol dehydrogenase thus inhibiting the formation of formic acid. In a clinical setting, a target level of 100-150 mg/dl is used to saturate alcohol dehydrogenase with ethanol (20). However, ethanol can be a challenge to administer due to irregular rate of metabolism making a steady target level difficult to maintain and it can also cause intoxication (20). Amareen later receives fomepizole treatment after the ethanol drip was not so effective. This is a better treatment because fomepizole has an even higher affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase than methanol in the ratio of 8000:1 (21). This prevents methanol from being metabolised. The advantages of fomepizole are the ease of administration, long duration of effect and that it doesn’t cause intoxication (22). However, fomepizole is very expensive and is less widely available (23). Due to both ethanol and fomepizole being ineffective in reducing the serum concentration of methanol in the body, haemodialysis was started. Haemodialysis is the most effective way to remove methanol and formic acid from the body (24). This works by passing blood from the body through a dialysis machine that contains a series of membranes to filter out unwanted substances and replenish essential minerals to the blood and then pumping blood back to into the body. The reason why haemodialysis was not immediately administered was probably due to it requiring a neck line which is very invasive and can result in multiple complications for Amareen who is only 5 years old. 5. Osmolarity and Osmolality Osmolality refers to the osmolar concentration of plasma per kilogram of solvent. Osmolality is measured using osmometers. Osmolarity on the other hand refers to the osmolar concentration of plasma per litre of solution. This value is calculated using a set formula from measured concentrations of Na+, K+, glucose and urea. The equation is 2[Na+] + 2[K+] + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L). Using osmolality and osmolarity, the osmolal gap can be calculated which is the difference between the actual osmolality and the calculated osmolarity which normally lies in the range of 8-10 mOsm/kg (25). 6. Child Abuse There are four main categories of child abuse (26). Physical abuse which involves bodily harm for example bruises, burns and fractures. Emotional abuse that involves persistent emotional ill-treatment or neglect causing adverse effects on the childs emotional development. Sexual abuse by forcing a child to perform sexual activity. This includes ‘non-contact’ sexual activities such as producing child pornography. Lastly, negligence which is the failure of carers to provide the basic physical and psychological needs as well as supervision from harm to the child which results in an adverse effect on the child’s health and development. An example would be protecting a child from dangerous substances which Amareen’s parents have failed to do. References NHS. Barts Health General surgery for patients: NHS; 2014 [cited 2014 11 November]. Available from: http://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/our-services/services-a-z/g/general-surgery/for-patients/. College AC. Electrolyte Fluid Balance: Austin Community College; 2014 [cited 2014 11 November]. 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Carbon monoxide specifically inhibits cytochrome c oxidase of human mitochondrial respiratory chain. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;93(3):142-6. Fontanesi F, Soto IC, Barrientos A. Cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis: new levels of regulation. IUBMB Life. 2008;60(9):557-68. Shah S, Pandey V, Thakore N, Mehta I. Study of 63 cases of methyl alcohol poisoning (hooch tragedy in Ahmedabad). J Assoc Physicians India. 2012;60:34-6. Jammalamadaka D, Raissi S. Ethylene glycol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol intoxication. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339(3):276-81. Sejersted OM, Jacobsen D, Ovrebo S, Jansen H. Formate concentrations in plasma from patients poisoned with methanol. Acta Med Scand. 1983;213(2):105-10. Jacobsen D, McMartin KE. Methanol and ethylene glycol poisonings. Mechanism of toxicity, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment. Med Toxicol. 1986;1(5):309-34. Bestic M, Blackford M, Reed M. Fomepizole: a critical assessment of current dosing recommendations. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(2):130-7. Hall TL. Fomepizole in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Cjem. 2002;4(3):199-204. Rathi M, Sakhuja V, Jha V. Visual blurring and metabolic acidosis after ingestion of bootlegged alcohol. Hemodial Int. 2006;10(1):8-14. Suki WN, Massry SG. Therapy of renal diseases and related disorders: Springer; 1991. Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Jain A, Mattoo TK. Serum osmolal gap in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and severe edema. Pediatrics. 2007;119(6):e1404-7. NICE. When to suspect child maltreatment. July 2009.

Life Under the Taliban Essay -- Taliban Afghanistan Middle East Essay

Life Under the Taliban Afghanistan is one of the poorest and most troubled countries in the world. The land that occupies Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strife among internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conquered by Darius I of Babylonia circa 500 B.C., and Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C., among others. In recent years, war and lawlessness had destroyed much of the country; millions of people went into exile and brought its economy to a standstill. This paper looks to explore the recent history of Afghanistan, how the Taliban came to power, and the impact their Islamic laws had on the Afghanistan society including their treatment of women. Brief History During the imperial days Afghanistan became a buffer zone when both Britain and Russia agreed that an incursion into Afghanistan would be considered a declaration of war against each other. Both respected this arrangement. After Britain's departure from the region, Russians increased their influence in Afghanistan with help and support from India, which wanted to keep Pakistan carved out of British India in 1947. Meanwhile, the Russians believed that the Americans, who replaced Britain as the new superpower, were too far away from this region to get physically involved. So in 1979, when the pro-soviet communist regime in Kabul showed signs of weakness, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan. They faced no resistance and captured the entire country in a few days. However, the Soviets were mistaken about the United States response to their invasion. The Americans did not like the Soviet presence in Afghanistan as it could have allowed the Soviet Union to have undue influence in South Asia and the oil rich Middle East. In engaging the Russians in Afghanistan, the Americans also saw an opportunity to avenge their defeat in Vietnam. The Pakistanis were equally keen to prevent the Russians from strengthening their position in Afghanistan, particularly because of the theory, which was popular at the time, that Moscow wanted to reach the warm waters of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Many in Islamabad believed that after consolidating themselves in Afghanistan, the Russians would make a move to take over Pakistani city of Karachi, the nearest seaport for the former soviet Central Asia. Pakist... ...essed 08 February 10, 2004. ?A Job Half Done In Afghanistan?.The New York Times, May 15,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.?Taliban Appears to be regrouped and well funded?. Christian Science Monitor, May 8,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.? Where taliban go to find warm beds and results?. Christian Science Monitor, December 11,2003, Black, Andrew.?Talibans Rise Was Fueled By International Community?.The Press Association Limited, September 30, 2003 Goodson, P. Larry. Afghanistans endless war.United States of America:Univeristy of Washington Press, 2001. Hilton, Elizabeth.?Just Poppycock?.The Guardian, December 11, 2003 ?How The Taliban Erased History; One Year After Taliban Forces Savaged Afghanistan?s Two Celebrated Buddahs, The Story Of Their Destruction Has Emerged?. Washington Post.March 16,2002 Kramer, Martin.?The Camera and The Burqa?.Middle East Quarterly, March 1,2002 Nojumi, Neamatollah.The rise of the taliban in afghanistan.New York,NY:Palgrave, 2002. ?Taliban Comeback in Afghanistan?. Mideast Mirror October 10, 2003 Tompkins,Richard. ?Analysis:Afghanistan 2 years later.? United Press International, September 14, 2003,p8 Life Under the Taliban Essay -- Taliban Afghanistan Middle East Essay Life Under the Taliban Afghanistan is one of the poorest and most troubled countries in the world. The land that occupies Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strife among internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conquered by Darius I of Babylonia circa 500 B.C., and Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C., among others. In recent years, war and lawlessness had destroyed much of the country; millions of people went into exile and brought its economy to a standstill. This paper looks to explore the recent history of Afghanistan, how the Taliban came to power, and the impact their Islamic laws had on the Afghanistan society including their treatment of women. Brief History During the imperial days Afghanistan became a buffer zone when both Britain and Russia agreed that an incursion into Afghanistan would be considered a declaration of war against each other. Both respected this arrangement. After Britain's departure from the region, Russians increased their influence in Afghanistan with help and support from India, which wanted to keep Pakistan carved out of British India in 1947. Meanwhile, the Russians believed that the Americans, who replaced Britain as the new superpower, were too far away from this region to get physically involved. So in 1979, when the pro-soviet communist regime in Kabul showed signs of weakness, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan. They faced no resistance and captured the entire country in a few days. However, the Soviets were mistaken about the United States response to their invasion. The Americans did not like the Soviet presence in Afghanistan as it could have allowed the Soviet Union to have undue influence in South Asia and the oil rich Middle East. In engaging the Russians in Afghanistan, the Americans also saw an opportunity to avenge their defeat in Vietnam. The Pakistanis were equally keen to prevent the Russians from strengthening their position in Afghanistan, particularly because of the theory, which was popular at the time, that Moscow wanted to reach the warm waters of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Many in Islamabad believed that after consolidating themselves in Afghanistan, the Russians would make a move to take over Pakistani city of Karachi, the nearest seaport for the former soviet Central Asia. Pakist... ...essed 08 February 10, 2004. ?A Job Half Done In Afghanistan?.The New York Times, May 15,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.?Taliban Appears to be regrouped and well funded?. Christian Science Monitor, May 8,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.? Where taliban go to find warm beds and results?. Christian Science Monitor, December 11,2003, Black, Andrew.?Talibans Rise Was Fueled By International Community?.The Press Association Limited, September 30, 2003 Goodson, P. Larry. Afghanistans endless war.United States of America:Univeristy of Washington Press, 2001. Hilton, Elizabeth.?Just Poppycock?.The Guardian, December 11, 2003 ?How The Taliban Erased History; One Year After Taliban Forces Savaged Afghanistan?s Two Celebrated Buddahs, The Story Of Their Destruction Has Emerged?. Washington Post.March 16,2002 Kramer, Martin.?The Camera and The Burqa?.Middle East Quarterly, March 1,2002 Nojumi, Neamatollah.The rise of the taliban in afghanistan.New York,NY:Palgrave, 2002. ?Taliban Comeback in Afghanistan?. Mideast Mirror October 10, 2003 Tompkins,Richard. ?Analysis:Afghanistan 2 years later.? United Press International, September 14, 2003,p8